A Study of Toxic Metal Contents in Selected Cosmetics in The Federal Capital Territory and Products Safety Regulations in Nigeria
Abstract
The use of cosmetics is increasing rapidly in Nigeria. Cosmetics and personal care products are one significant source of exposure to dangerous and unregulated chemicals, including heavy metals, that can pose serious health risk to the consumer. Cosmetics contain a range of chemicals for specific functions in connection to their intentional uses and are strictly regulated in some countries whilst some other countries do not have regulations. Even where regulations exist, similarities and differences exist in the different government bodies among countries of the world. This research work studied the toxic metal contents in selected cosmetics in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) and the safety regulations of these products in Nigeria. Commonly applied products from popular cosmetics manufacturers including eye pencils, hair shampoos and bath soaps were analyzed using standard methods. From the results, the toxic metals concentrations in the eye pencils are in the order Pb > Zn > Fe > Cu > Ni > Cd > Co > Cr > Hg. In the hair shampoo samples, the order of the toxic metals levels is Fe > Pb > Cr > Cd > Zn > Co > Ni > Cu > Hg. In the bath soap samples, the levels of the toxic metals are Fe > Co > Ni > Cu > Cd > Zn > Pb > Hg > Cr. The mean Ni contents (0.320 ± 0.004 mg/kg) in the samples of bath soaps are slightly higher than the tolerance limits but the levels of Hg, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, and Zn in samples of hair shampoo and bath soaps are within the tolerance limits of the regulatory bodies. While the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) has regulations on the pre-market approval, proper labelling of cosmetic products, expiry date, and name and address of the manufacturer, it has none on post-marketing reporting system to help check the response of the product from the end users.