Rapid urbanization, modifications in the design and construction of built environments, time spent indoors, and shifting exposure patterns have highlighted indoor air quality (IAQ) as a critical issue in public health and the environment. Today's populations will spend most of their lives (80-90%) indoors, making exposure inside the homes dominant in contributing to total burden. An indoor environment is a complex mixture of particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), biologic pollutants, combustion products, and gas phase pollutants from both outdoor and indoor sources. Previous studies have linked poor IAQ to respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, neurocognitive dysfunction, allergies, reduced productivity, etc., and recently to microbial aerosols, carbon dioxide accumulation, and smart sensing technologies. In this paper, we review recent advancements in IAQ research and discuss the source and exposure routes, as well as the effects on health and new strategies in managing IAQ. Specific focus is given to sustainable building design, innovative technologies, and priorities for future research.